Probability density function is a statistical expression defining the likelihood of a series of outcomes for a continuous variable, such as a stock or ETF return.

By using one of the common stock probability distribution methods of statistical calculations, an investor may determine the likelihood of profits from a holding.

2. Evaluation of f (x) for a particular value of x requires a long computation involving each of the observations. The Parzen estimator, which has n terms, can be replaced by a series approximation ...

The notion of probability density for a random function is not as straight-forward as in finite-dimensional cases. While a probability density function generally does not exist for functional data, we ...

Building on the widely-used double-lognormal approach by Bahra (1997), this paper presents a multi-lognormal approach with restrictions to extract risk-neutral probability density functions (RNPs) for ...