Semigroups of transformations and endomorphisms have emerged as powerful algebraic frameworks to elucidate the underlying structures of graphs. By harnessing the principles of semigroup theory, ...

A translation is a movement of the graph either horizontally parallel to the \(x\)-axis or vertically parallel to the \(y\)-axis. The graph of \(y = f(x)\) where \(f(x) = x^2\) is the same as the ...