One of the most well-known facts about unit root testing in time series is that the Dickey–Fuller (DF) test based on ordinary least squares (OLS) demeaned data suffers from low power, and that the use ...

This paper proposes a panel-based mean group test for the null of stationarity against the alternative of unit roots in the presence of both heterogeneity across cross-section units and serial ...

Using univariate and multivariate time series analysis, like panel unit root test and panel co-integration, and the Toda–Yamamoto causality test, the causal relationship between economic development ...