The olfactory system faces a hard problem: on the basis of noisy information from olfactory receptor neurons (the neurons that transduce chemicals to neural activity), it must figure out which odors ...

Estimation of probability of default (PD), loss given default and exposure at default for portfolio segments containing reasonably homogeneous assets is essential for prudent risk management as well ...

The design and construction of capital projects can be extremely complex. Uncertainty and risk add to this complexity and, as a result, many projects experience significant cost overruns and schedule ...