Edward Hebern of California designed this rotor for a cipher machine. Commercial rotary cipher machines would be introduced in the 1920s and 1930s for commercial purposes by several people in several ...

IIIF provides researchers rich metadata and media viewing options for comparison of works across cultural heritage collections. Visit the IIIF page to learn more. The American inventor Edward Hebern ...

A rare 1944 four-rotor M4 Enigma cipher machine, considered one of the hardest challenges for the Allies to decrypt, has sold at a Christie's auction for £347,250 ($437,955). The winning bid for the ...

The particularity of these cipher devices is that they shouldn't exist anymore. Not in one piece and certainly not functional. Because it was a state secret technology, utmost care was taken by German ...