Figure 1: Schematic of the 3D force detection method on a Ge(001)-c(4 × 2) surface using bimodal AFM. Figure 2: Force component maps and force vector distributions above Ge(001) dimers. Figure 3: ...

Scientists have developed a new atomic force microscopy (AFM) technique that can measure the three-dimensional force fields of atoms. In their technique, the precisely controlled tip of a mechanical ...