Productive failure has shown positive effects on conceptual and transfer measures, but no clear effects on procedural measures. It is therefore an open question whether, and to what extent, productive ...

My main intention in this article is to settle the question whether having the ability to Φ is, as Ryleans think, necessary for knowing how to Φ, and to determine the kind of role played by procedural ...

Procedural memory is a form of long-term memory that enables people to learn and execute tasks. It has been described as a kind of implicit memory: Unlike when a person recalls facts or images, ...