Through-hole assembly means bending leads on components and putting the leads through holes in the circuit board, then soldering them in place, and trimming the wires. That took up too much space and ...

Your plant has several custom-built production machines that use various plug-in circuit boards. The standard practice has been to troubleshoot to the board level and then replace the entire board.

Anyone who’s spent significant amounts of time salvaging old electronics has probably wished there were a way to take apart a circuit board without desoldering it. [Zeyu Yan] et al seem to have had ...