Layer-3 blockchains refer to a layer of blockchain technology built on top of base layers to provide customized application-specific blockchains tailored to users’ needs. Typically, L2s intend to ...

The processing in a network protocol that provides the starting point and purpose of the communications session. The application layer is layer 7 of 7 in the OSI model. For example, email, Web ...

The technology provides secure remote access to a broad spectrum of applications and network resources Application-layer VPNs are generating lots of attention these days. Proponents cite the ...

In some cases, applications can be based upon industry-accepted standards, as shown in Figure 10-27. For example, for devices that need to be able to connect to other devices to transfer data or to ...

At the core of blockchain networks lies a fundamental architectural principle called layering. Layering in blockchain refers to organizing different functionalities and protocols into separate layers, ...

For many years, security monitoring relied on gathering data from layer 4 of the OSI model through such data types as NetFlow. Because layer 4 data dealt with the transport layer, it isn't the most ...

It will not come as a surprise to learn that many of today’s applications are more complex than those used on the internet only a decade ago. While advances in this area have transformed the face of ...

Application layer distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks are on the rise, and organizations must protect themselves from this uptick in application layer attacks and from the overall scourge of ...

There’s a whole group of vendors looking to ease the installation of IP VPNs by supporting application layer technology. Companies such as Neoteris, NetSilica and Netilla Networks (the author of this ...